4mTAR24m(1)			 General Commands Manual		     4mTAR24m(1)

1mNAME0m
       tar — manipulate tape archives

1mSYNOPSIS0m
       1mtar 22m[4mbundled-flags24m ⟨args⟩] [⟨4mfile24m⟩ | ⟨4mpattern24m⟩ ...]
       1mtar 22m{1m-c22m} [4moptions24m] [4mfiles24m | 4mdirectories24m]
       1mtar 22m{1m-r 22m| 1m-u22m} 1m-f 4m22marchive-file24m [4moptions24m] [4mfiles24m | 4mdirectories24m]
       1mtar 22m{1m-t 22m| 1m-x22m} [4moptions24m] [4mpatterns24m]

1mDESCRIPTION0m
       1mtar  22mcreates and manipulates streaming archive files.  This implementa‐
       tion can extract from tar, pax, cpio, zip,  jar,	 ar,  xar,  rar,  rpm,
       7-zip,  and  ISO	 9660  cdrom images and can create tar, pax, cpio, ar,
       zip, 7-zip, and shar archives.

       The first synopsis form shows a “bundled” option word.  This  usage  is
       provided	  for  compatibility  with  historical	implementations.   See
       “COMPATIBILITY” below for details.

       The other synopsis forms show the preferred usage.  The first option to
       1mtar 22mis a mode indicator from the following list:

       1m-c	 22mCreate a new archive containing the specified items.  The  long
	       option form is 1m--create22m.
       1m-r	 22mLike  1m-c22m,  but	 new  entries are appended to the archive.  Note
	       that this only works on uncompressed archives stored in regular
	       files.  The 1m-f 22moption is required.	The  long  option  form	 is
	       1m--append22m.
       1m-t	 22mList  archive  contents  to	 stdout.   The	long option form is
	       1m--list22m.
       1m-u	 22mLike 1m-r22m, but new entries are added only if they have a	 modifi‐
	       cation  date newer than the corresponding entry in the archive.
	       Note that this only works on uncompressed  archives  stored  in
	       regular	files.	 The  1m-f 22moption is required.  The long form is
	       1m--update22m.
       1m-x	 22mExtract to disk from the archive.  If a file with the same name
	       appears more than once in the archive, each copy	 will  be  ex‐
	       tracted,	 with  later  copies  overwriting  (replacing) earlier
	       copies.	The long option form is 1m--extract22m.

       In 1m-c22m, 1m-r22m, or 1m-u 22mmode, each specified file or directory is added to the
       archive in the order specified on the command line.   By	 default,  the
       contents of each directory are also archived.

       In extract or list mode, the entire command line is read and parsed be‐
       fore  the  archive is opened.  The pathnames or patterns on the command
       line indicate which items in the archive should be processed.  Patterns
       are shell-style globbing patterns as documented in 4mtcsh24m(1).

1mOPTIONS0m
       Unless specifically stated otherwise, options are applicable in all op‐
       erating modes.

       1m@4m22marchive0m
	       (c and r modes only) The specified archive is  opened  and  the
	       entries	in  it	will be appended to the current archive.  As a
	       simple example,

		     1mtar -c -f 4m22m-24m 4mnewfile24m 1m@4m22moriginal.tar0m

	       writes a new archive  to	 standard  output  containing  a  file
	       4mnewfile24m and all of the entries from 4moriginal.tar24m.  In contrast,

		     1mtar -c -f 4m22m-24m 4mnewfile24m 4moriginal.tar0m

	       creates a new archive with only two entries.  Similarly,

		     1mtar -czf 4m22m-24m 1m--format pax @4m22m-0m

	       reads  an archive from standard input (whose format will be de‐
	       termined automatically) and converts it into a  gzip-compressed
	       pax-format  archive on stdout.  In this way, 1mtar 22mcan be used to
	       convert archives from one format to another.

       1m-a22m, 1m--auto-compress0m
	       (c mode only) Use the archive suffix to decide  a  set  of  the
	       format and the compressions.  As a simple example,

		     1mtar -a -cf 4m22marchive.tgz24m 4msource.c24m 4msource.h0m

	       creates	a new archive with restricted pax format and gzip com‐
	       pression,

		     1mtar -a -cf 4m22marchive.tar.bz2.uu24m 4msource.c24m 4msource.h0m

	       creates a new archive with restricted pax format and bzip2 com‐
	       pression and uuencode compression,

		     1mtar -a -cf 4m22marchive.zip24m 4msource.c24m 4msource.h0m

	       creates a new archive with zip format,

		     1mtar -a -jcf 4m22marchive.tgz24m 4msource.c24m 4msource.h0m

	       ignores the “-j” option, and creates a  new  archive  with  re‐
	       stricted pax format and gzip compression,

		     1mtar -a -jcf 4m22marchive.xxx24m 4msource.c24m 4msource.h0m

	       if  it  is  unknown  suffix or no suffix, creates a new archive
	       with restricted pax format and bzip2 compression.

       1m--acls	 22m(c, r, u, x modes only) Archive or extract	POSIX.1e  or  NFSv4
	       ACLs.   This is the reverse of 1m--no-acls 22mand the default behav‐
	       ior in c, r, and u modes (except on Mac OS X) or if 1mtar 22mis	run
	       in x mode as root.  On Mac OS X this option translates extended
	       ACLs  to NFSv4 ACLs.  To store extended ACLs the 1m--mac-metadata0m
	       option is preferred.

       1m-B22m, 1m--read-full-blocks0m
	       Ignored for compatibility with other 4mtar24m(1) implementations.

       1m-b 4m22mblocksize24m, 1m--block-size 4m22mblocksize0m
	       Specify the block size, in 512-byte  records,  for  tape	 drive
	       I/O.  As a rule, this argument is only needed when reading from
	       or writing to tape drives, and usually not even then as the de‐
	       fault block size of 20 records (10240 bytes) is very common.

       1m-C 4m22mdirectory24m, 1m--cd 4m22mdirectory24m, 1m--directory 4m22mdirectory0m
	       In  c  and r mode, this changes the directory before adding the
	       following files.	 In x mode, change directories	after  opening
	       the archive but before extracting entries from the archive.

       1m--chroot0m
	       (x  mode only) 1mchroot22m() to the current directory after process‐
	       ing any 1m-C 22moptions and before extracting any files.

       1m--clamp-mtime0m
	       (use with 1m--mtime22m) Only set the modification time if  the  file
	       is newer than the date specified in 1m--mtime22m.

       1m--clear-nochange-fflags0m
	       (x  mode	 only)	Before removing file system objects to replace
	       them, clear platform-specific file  attributes  or  file	 flags
	       that might prevent removal.

       1m--exclude 4m22mpattern0m
	       Do  not	process	 files or directories that match the specified
	       pattern.	 Note that exclusions take precedence over patterns or
	       filenames specified on the command line.

       1m--exclude-vcs0m
	       Do not process files or directories internally used by the ver‐
	       sion  control  systems  ‘Arch’,	 ‘Bazaar’,   ‘CVS’,   ‘Darcs’,
	       ‘Mercurial’, ‘RCS’, ‘SCCS’, ‘SVN’ and ‘git’.

       1m--fflags0m
	       (c,  r,	u,  x modes only) Archive or extract platform-specific
	       file  attributes	 or  file  flags.   This  is  the  reverse  of
	       1m--no-fflags 22mand the default behavior in c, r, and u modes or if
	       1mtar 22mis run in x mode as root.

       1m--format 4m22mformat0m
	       (c,  r,	u  mode only) Use the specified format for the created
	       archive.	 Supported formats include “cpio”, “pax”, “shar”,  and
	       “ustar”.	   Other   formats   may   also	  be   supported;  see
	       4mlibarchive-formats24m(5) for more information about currently-sup‐
	       ported formats.	In r and u modes, when extending  an  existing
	       archive,	 the format specified here must be compatible with the
	       format of the existing archive on disk.

       1m-f 4m22mfile24m, 1m--file 4m22mfile0m
	       Read the archive from or write the  archive  to	the  specified
	       file.   The  filename  can  be 4m-24m for standard input or standard
	       output.	The default varies by system; on FreeBSD, the  default
	       is 4m/dev/sa024m; on Linux, the default is 4m/dev/st024m.

       1m--gid 4m22mid0m
	       Use  the	 provided group id number.  On extract, this overrides
	       the group id in the archive; the group name in the archive will
	       be ignored.  On create, this overrides the group id  read  from
	       disk;  if 1m--gname 22mis not also specified, the group name will be
	       set to match the group id.

       1m--gname 4m22mname0m
	       Use the provided group name.  On extract,  this	overrides  the
	       group  name in the archive; if the provided group name does not
	       exist on the system, the group id (from the archive or from the
	       1m--gid 22moption) will be used instead.	 On create, this  sets	the
	       group  name  that  will be stored in the archive; the name will
	       not be verified against the system group database.

       1m--group 4m22mname24m[:4mgid24m]
	       Use the provided group, if 4mgid24m is not provided, 4mname24m can be ei‐
	       ther a group name or numeric id.	 See the  1m--gname  22moption	for
	       details.

       1m-H	 22m(c	and  r modes only) Symbolic links named on the command line
	       will be followed; the target of the link will be archived,  not
	       the link itself.

       1m-h	 22m(c and r modes only) Synonym for 1m-L22m.

       1m-I	 22mSynonym for 1m-T22m.

       1m--help	 22mShow usage.

       1m--hfsCompression0m
	       (x  mode only) Mac OS X specific (v10.6 or later). Compress ex‐
	       tracted regular files with HFS+ compression.

       1m--ignore-zeros0m
	       An alias of 1m--options read_concatenated_archives  22mfor  compati‐
	       bility with GNU tar.

       1m--include 4m22mpattern0m
	       Process only files or directories that match the specified pat‐
	       tern.   Note  that  exclusions  specified  with	1m--exclude 22mtake
	       precedence over inclusions.  If no  inclusions  are  explicitly
	       specified, all entries are processed by default.	 The 1m--include0m
	       option is especially useful when filtering archives.  For exam‐
	       ple, the command

		     1mtar -c -f 4m22mnew.tar24m 1m--include='*foo*' @4m22mold.tgz0m

	       creates	a new archive 4mnew.tar24m containing only the entries from
	       4mold.tgz24m containing the string ‘foo’.

       1m-J22m, 1m--xz0m
	       (c mode only) Compress the resulting archive  with  4mxz24m(1).	 In
	       extract	or list modes, this option is ignored.	Note that this
	       1mtar 22mimplementation recognizes XZ compression automatically when
	       reading archives.

       1m-j22m, 1m--bzip22m, 1m--bzip222m, 1m--bunzip20m
	       (c mode only) Compress the resulting archive with 4mbzip224m(1).	 In
	       extract or list modes, this option is ignored.  Note that  this
	       1mtar  22mimplementation	 recognizes bzip2 compression automatically
	       when reading archives.

       1m-k22m, 1m--keep-old-files0m
	       (x mode only) Do not overwrite existing files.  In  particular,
	       if  a  file  appears more than once in an archive, later copies
	       will not overwrite earlier copies.

       1m--keep-newer-files0m
	       (x mode only) Do not overwrite existing files  that  are	 newer
	       than the versions appearing in the archive being extracted.

       1m-L22m, 1m--dereference0m
	       (c and r modes only) All symbolic links will be followed.  Nor‐
	       mally,  symbolic links are archived as such.  With this option,
	       the target of the link will be archived instead.

       1m-l22m, 1m--check-links0m
	       (c and r modes only) Issue a warning message unless  all	 links
	       to each file are archived.

       1m--lrzip0m
	       (c mode only) Compress the resulting archive with 4mlrzip24m(1).	 In
	       extract	or list modes, this option is ignored.	Note that this
	       1mtar 22mimplementation recognizes lrzip	 compression  automatically
	       when reading archives.

       1m--lz4	 22m(c mode only) Compress the archive with lz4-compatible compres‐
	       sion  before writing it.	 In extract or list modes, this option
	       is ignored.  Note that this 1mtar 22mimplementation  recognizes	lz4
	       compression automatically when reading archives.

       1m--zstd	 22m(c	mode  only)  Compress the archive with zstd-compatible com‐
	       pression before writing it.  In extract or list modes, this op‐
	       tion is ignored.	 Note that this 1mtar 22mimplementation	 recognizes
	       zstd compression automatically when reading archives.

       1m--lzma	 22m(c	mode only) Compress the resulting archive with the original
	       LZMA algorithm.	In extract or list modes, this option  is  ig‐
	       nored.	Use  of	 this  option  is discouraged and new archives
	       should be created with 1m--xz 22minstead.  Note that this 1mtar 22mimple‐
	       mentation recognizes LZMA compression automatically when	 read‐
	       ing archives.

       1m--lzop	 22m(c	mode only) Compress the resulting archive with 4mlzop24m(1).  In
	       extract or list modes, this option is ignored.  Note that  this
	       1mtar  22mimplementation	 recognizes  LZO  compression automatically
	       when reading archives.

       1m-m22m, 1m--modification-time0m
	       (x mode only) Do not extract modification  time.	  By  default,
	       the modification time is set to the time stored in the archive.

       1m--mac-metadata0m
	       (c,  r,	u  and x mode only) Mac OS X specific.	Archive or ex‐
	       tract  extended	ACLs  and  extended  file   attributes	 using
	       4mcopyfile24m(3)	 in  AppleDouble  format.   This  is the reverse of
	       1m--no-mac-metadata22m.	and the default behavior in  c,	 r,  and  u
	       modes  or if 1mtar 22mis run in x mode as root.	Currently supported
	       only for pax formats (including pax restricted, the default tar
	       format for 1mbsdtar22m)

       1m--mtime 4m22mdate0m
	       (c, r, u modes only) Set the modification times of added	 files
	       to the specified date.

       1m-n22m, 1m--norecurse22m, 1m--no-recursion0m
	       Do not operate recursively on the content of directories.

       1m--newer 4m22mdate0m
	       (c,  r,	u modes only) Only include files and directories newer
	       than the specified date.	 This compares ctime entries.

       1m--newer-mtime 4m22mdate0m
	       (c, r, u modes only) Like 1m--newer22m, except it compares mtime en‐
	       tries instead of ctime entries.

       1m--newer-than 4m22mfile0m
	       (c, r, u modes only) Only include files and  directories	 newer
	       than the specified file.	 This compares ctime entries.

       1m--newer-mtime-than 4m22mfile0m
	       (c,  r,	u  modes  only)	 Like 1m--newer-than22m, except it compares
	       mtime entries instead of ctime entries.

       1m--nodump0m
	       (c and r modes only) Honor the nodump  file  flag  by  skipping
	       this file.

       1m--nopreserveHFSCompression0m
	       (x  mode	 only) Mac OS X specific (v10.6 or later). Do not com‐
	       press extracted regular files which were compressed  with  HFS+
	       compression  before archived.  By default, compress the regular
	       files again with HFS+ compression.

       1m--null	 22m(use with 1m-I 22mor 1m-T22m) Filenames or patterns are separated by null
	       characters, not by newlines.  This is often used to read	 file‐
	       names output by the 1m-print0 22moption to 4mfind24m(1).

       1m--no-acls0m
	       (c,  r,	u, x modes only) Do not archive or extract POSIX.1e or
	       NFSv4 ACLs.  This is the reverse of 1m--acls 22mand the default	be‐
	       havior  if 1mtar 22mis run as non-root in x mode (on Mac OS X as any
	       user in c, r, u and x modes).

       1m--no-fflags0m
	       (c, r, u, x modes only) Do not archive or extract file  attrib‐
	       utes  or	 file  flags.  This is the reverse of 1m--fflags 22mand the
	       default behavior if 1mtar 22mis run as non-root in x mode.

       1m--no-mac-metadata0m
	       (c, r, u and x mode only) Mac OS X specific.  Do not archive or
	       extract ACLs and extended file attributes using 4mcopyfile24m(3)	 in
	       AppleDouble  format.   This  is	the reverse of 1m--mac-metadata22m.
	       and the default behavior if 1mtar 22mis run as non-root in x mode.

       1m--no-read-sparse0m
	       (c, r, u modes only) Do not read sparse file  information  from
	       disk.  This is the reverse of 1m--read-sparse22m.

       1m--no-safe-writes0m
	       (x  mode	 only) Do not create temporary files and use 4mrename24m(2)
	       to  replace  the	 original  ones.   This	 is  the  reverse   of
	       1m--safe-writes22m.

       1m--no-same-owner0m
	       (x  mode only) Do not extract owner and group IDs.  This is the
	       reverse of 1m--same-owner 22mand the default behavior if 1mtar 22mis  run
	       as non-root.

       1m--no-same-permissions0m
	       (x  mode	 only)	Do  not	 extract full permissions (SGID, SUID,
	       sticky bit, file attributes or file flags,  extended  file  at‐
	       tributes	 and ACLs).  This is the reverse of 1m-p 22mand the default
	       behavior if 1mtar 22mis run as non-root.

       1m--no-xattrs0m
	       (c, r, u, x modes only) Do not archive or extract extended file
	       attributes.  This is the reverse of 1m--xattrs  22mand  the  default
	       behavior if 1mtar 22mis run as non-root in x mode.

       1m--numeric-owner0m
	       This  is	 equivalent  to 1m--uname 22m"" 1m--gname 22m"".  On extract, it
	       causes user and group names in the archive to be ignored in fa‐
	       vor of the numeric user and group ids.  On  create,  it	causes
	       user and group names to not be stored in the archive.

       1m-O22m, 1m--to-stdout0m
	       (x,  t  modes only) In extract (-x) mode, files will be written
	       to standard out rather than being extracted to disk.   In  list
	       (-t)  mode,  the	 file listing will be written to stderr rather
	       than the usual stdout.

       1m-o	 22m(x mode) Use the user and group of the user running the program
	       rather than those specified in the archive.  Note that this has
	       no significance unless 1m-p 22mis specified, and the program is	be‐
	       ing  run	 by  the  root user.  In this case, the file modes and
	       flags from the archive will be restored, but ACLs or owner  in‐
	       formation in the archive will be discarded.

       1m-o	 22m(c, r, u mode) A synonym for 1m--format 4m22mustar0m

       1m--older 4m22mdate0m
	       (c,  r,	u modes only) Only include files and directories older
	       than the specified date.	 This compares ctime entries.

       1m--older-mtime 4m22mdate0m
	       (c, r, u modes only) Like 1m--older22m, except it compares mtime en‐
	       tries instead of ctime entries.

       1m--older-than 4m22mfile0m
	       (c, r, u modes only) Only include files and  directories	 older
	       than the specified file.	 This compares ctime entries.

       1m--older-mtime-than 4m22mfile0m
	       (c,  r,	u  modes  only)	 Like 1m--older-than22m, except it compares
	       mtime entries instead of ctime entries.

       1m--one-file-system0m
	       (c, r, and u modes) Do not cross mount points.

       1m--options 4m22moptions0m
	       Select optional behaviors for particular modules.  The argument
	       is a text string containing comma-separated keywords  and  val‐
	       ues.   These  are  passed to the modules that handle particular
	       formats to control how those formats will behave.  Each	option
	       has one of the following forms:

	       4mkey=value0m
		       The  key	 will  be  set to the specified value in every
		       module that supports it.	 Modules that do  not  support
		       this key will ignore it.
	       4mkey24m	    The	 key  will be enabled in every module that supports
		       it.  This is equivalent to 4mkey24m1m=122m.
	       4m!key24m    The key will be disabled in every module that  supports
		       it.
	       4mmodule:key=value24m, 4mmodule:key24m, 4mmodule:!key0m
		       As  above,  but the corresponding key and value will be
		       provided only to modules whose name matches 4mmodule24m.

	       The complete list of supported modules and keys for create  and
	       append modes is in 4marchive_write_set_options24m(3) and for extract
	       and list modes in 4marchive_read_set_options24m(3).

	       Examples of supported options:

	       1miso9660:joliet0m
		       Support Joliet extensions.  This is enabled by default,
		       use 1m!joliet 22mor 1miso9660:!joliet 22mto disable.
	       1miso9660:rockridge0m
		       Support	Rock Ridge extensions.	This is enabled by de‐
		       fault, use 1m!rockridge 22mor 1miso9660:!rockridge 22mto disable.
	       1mgzip:compression-level0m
		       A decimal integer from 1 to 9 specifying the gzip  com‐
		       pression level.
	       1mgzip:timestamp0m
		       Store  timestamp.   This	 is  enabled  by  default, use
		       1m!timestamp 22mor 1mgzip:!timestamp 22mto disable.
	       1mlrzip:compression22m=4mtype0m
		       Use 4mtype24m as compression method.  Supported	values	are
		       bzip2,  gzip,  lzo  (ultra  fast),  and zpaq (best, ex‐
		       tremely slow).
	       1mlrzip:compression-level0m
		       A decimal integer from 1 to 9 specifying the lrzip com‐
		       pression level.
	       1mlz4:compression-level0m
		       A decimal integer from 1 to 9 specifying the lzop  com‐
		       pression level.
	       1mlz4:stream-checksum0m
		       Enable  stream  checksum.   This	 is  by	 default,  use
		       1mlz4:!stream-checksum 22mto disable.
	       1mlz4:block-checksum0m
		       Enable block checksum (Disabled by default).
	       1mlz4:block-size0m
		       A decimal integer from 4 to 7 specifying the  lz4  com‐
		       pression block size (7 is set by default).
	       1mlz4:block-dependence0m
		       Use  the	 previous  block of the block being compressed
		       for a compression dictionary to improve compression ra‐
		       tio.
	       1mzstd:compression-level22m=4mN0m
		       A  decimal  integer  specifying	the  zstd  compression
		       level.  Supported values depend on the library version,
		       common values are from 1 to 22.
	       1mzstd:threads22m=4mN0m
		       Specify	the  number  of worker threads to use, or 0 to
		       use as many threads as there are CPU cores in the  sys‐
		       tem.
	       1mzstd:frame-per-file0m
		       Start  a new compression frame at the beginning of each
		       file in the archive.
	       1mzstd:min-frame-in22m=4mN0m
		       In combination with 1mzstd:frame-per-file22m, do not start a
		       new compression frame unless the uncompressed  size  of
		       the  current frame is at least 4mN24m bytes.  The number may
		       be followed by 1mk / kB22m, 1mM / MB22m, or 1mG /  GB  22mto  indicate
		       kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes respectively.
	       1mzstd:min-frame-out22m=4mN24m, 1mzstd:min-frame-size22m=4mN0m
		       In combination with 1mzstd:frame-per-file22m, do not start a
		       new compression frame unless the compressed size of the
		       current	frame  is at least 4mN24m bytes.  The number may be
		       followed by 1mk / kB22m, 1mM / MB22m, or 1mG / GB 22mto indicate kilo‐
		       bytes, megabytes or gigabytes respectively.
	       1mzstd:max-frame-in22m=4mN24m, 1mzstd:max-frame-size22m=4mN0m
		       Start a new compression frame as soon as possible after
		       the uncompressed size of the current  frame  exceeds  4mN0m
		       bytes.	The  number may be followed by 1mk / kB22m, 1mM / MB22m,
		       or 1mG / GB 22mto indicate kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes
		       respectively.  Values less than 1,024 will be rejected.
	       1mzstd:max-frame-out22m=4mN0m
		       Start a new compression frame as soon as possible after
		       the compressed size of  the  current  frame  exceeds  4mN0m
		       bytes.	The  number may be followed by 1mk / kB22m, 1mM / MB22m,
		       or 1mG / GB 22mto indicate kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes
		       respectively.  Values less than 1,024 will be rejected.
	       1mlzop:compression-level0m
		       A decimal integer from 1 to 9 specifying the lzop  com‐
		       pression level.
	       1mxz:compression-level0m
		       A  decimal  integer  from 0 to 9 specifying the xz com‐
		       pression level.
	       1mxz:threads0m
		       Specify the number of worker threads to	use.   Setting
		       threads	to  a  special value 0 makes 4mxz24m(1) use as many
		       threads as there are CPU cores on the system.
	       1mmtree:4m22mkeyword0m
		       The mtree writer module allows  you  to	specify	 which
		       mtree  keywords	will  be included in the output.  Sup‐
		       ported keywords include:	 1mcksum22m,  1mdevice22m,  1mflags22m,	 1mgid22m,
		       1mgname22m,  1mindent22m,  1mlink22m,  1mmd522m, 1mmode22m, 1mnlink22m, 1mrmd16022m, 1msha122m,
		       1msha25622m, 1msha38422m, 1msha51222m, 1msize22m, 1mtime22m,  1muid22m,	1muname22m.   The
		       default	is  equivalent to: “device, flags, gid, gname,
		       link, mode, nlink, size, time, type, uid, uname”.
	       1mmtree:all0m
		       Enables all of the above keywords.  You	can  also  use
		       1mmtree:!all 22mto disable all keywords.
	       1mmtree:use-set0m
		       Enable generation of 1m/set 22mlines in the output.
	       1mmtree:indent0m
		       Produce	human-readable output by indenting options and
		       splitting lines to fit into 80 columns.
	       1mzip:compression22m=4mtype0m
		       Use 4mtype24m as compression method.  Supported	values	are
		       store (uncompressed) and deflate (gzip algorithm).
	       1mzip:encryption0m
		       Enable encryption using traditional zip encryption.
	       1mzip:encryption22m=4mtype0m
		       Use  4mtype24m  as  encryption  type.   Supported values are
		       zipcrypt (traditional zip encryption),  aes128  (WinZip
		       AES-128	encryption) and aes256 (WinZip AES-256 encryp‐
		       tion).
	       1mread_concatenated_archives0m
		       Ignore zeroed blocks in the archive, which occurs  when
		       multiple	 tar archives have been concatenated together.
		       Without this option, only the  contents	of  the	 first
		       concatenated  archive  would  be	 read.	This option is
		       comparable to the 1m-i22m, 1m--ignore-zeros 22moption of GNU tar.

	       If a provided option is not supported by any module, that is  a
	       fatal error.

       1m-P22m, 1m--absolute-paths0m
	       Preserve pathnames.  By default, absolute pathnames (those that
	       begin  with  a / character) have the leading slash removed both
	       when creating archives and extracting  from  them.   Also,  1mtar0m
	       will  refuse to extract archive entries whose pathnames contain
	       4m..24m or whose target directory would be  altered  by	a  symlink.
	       This option suppresses these behaviors.

       1m-p22m, 1m--insecure22m, 1m--preserve-permissions0m
	       (x  mode	 only)	Preserve file permissions.  Attempt to restore
	       the full permissions, including file modes, file attributes  or
	       file  flags,  extended  file attributes and ACLs, if available,
	       for each item extracted from the archive.  This is the  reverse
	       of 1m--no-same-permissions 22mand the default if 1mtar 22mis being run as
	       root.   It  can	be  partially  overridden  by  also specifying
	       1m--no-acls22m, 1m--no-fflags22m, 1m--no-mac-metadata 22mor 1m--no-xattrs22m.

       1m--passphrase 4m22mpassphrase0m
	       The 4mpassphrase24m is  used  to	 extract  or  create  an  encrypted
	       archive.	 Currently, zip is the only supported format that sup‐
	       ports encryption.  You shouldn't use this option unless you re‐
	       alize how insecure use of this option is.

       1m--posix0m
	       (c, r, u mode only) Synonym for 1m--format 4m22mpax0m

       1m-q22m, 1m--fast-read0m
	       (x  and t mode only) Extract or list only the first archive en‐
	       try that matches each pattern or	 filename  operand.   Exit  as
	       soon  as	 each  specified pattern or filename has been matched.
	       By default, the archive is always read to the very  end,	 since
	       there  can  be multiple entries with the same name and, by con‐
	       vention, later entries overwrite earlier entries.  This	option
	       is provided as a performance optimization.

       1m--read-sparse0m
	       (c,  r,	u  modes only) Read sparse file information from disk.
	       This is the reverse of 1m--no-read-sparse 22mand the default  behav‐
	       ior.

       1m-S	 22m(x	mode  only) Extract files as sparse files.  For every block
	       on disk, check first if it contains only NULL  bytes  and  seek
	       over  it	 otherwise.  This works similar to the conv=sparse op‐
	       tion of dd.

       1m-s 4m22mpattern0m
	       Modify file or archive member names according to 4mpattern24m.	The
	       pattern	has the format 4m/old/new/24m[bghHprRsS] where 4mold24m is a ba‐
	       sic regular expression, 4mnew24m is the replacement  string  of	the
	       matched	part, and the optional trailing letters modify how the
	       replacement is handled.	If 4mold24m is not matched, the pattern	 is
	       skipped.	 Within 4mnew24m, ~ is substituted with the match, \1 to \9
	       with  the content of the corresponding captured group.  The op‐
	       tional trailing g specifies that matching should continue after
	       the matched part and stop on the first unmatched pattern.   The
	       optional	 trailing  s specifies that the pattern applies to the
	       value of symbolic links.	 The  optional	trailing  p  specifies
	       that after a successful substitution the original path name and
	       the new path name should be printed to standard error.  The op‐
	       tional  trailing	 b  specifies  that the substitution should be
	       matched from the beginning of the string rather than from right
	       after the position at which the previous matching  substitution
	       ended.	Optional  trailing H, R, or S characters suppress sub‐
	       stitutions for hardlink targets, regular filenames, or  symlink
	       targets, respectively.  Optional trailing h, r, or s characters
	       enable  substitutions  for hardlink targets, regular filenames,
	       or symlink targets, respectively.  The default is 4mhrs24m which ap‐
	       plies substitutions to all names.  In particular, it  is	 never
	       necessary to specify h, r, or s.

       1m--safe-writes0m
	       (x mode only) Extract files atomically.	By default 1mtar 22munlinks
	       the  original file with the same name as the extracted file (if
	       it exists), and then creates it immediately under the same name
	       and writes to it.  For a short  period  of  time,  applications
	       trying  to access the file might not find it, or see incomplete
	       results.	 If 1m--safe-writes 22mis  enabled,  1mtar  22mfirst  creates  a
	       unique temporary file, then writes the new contents to the tem‐
	       porary  file, and finally renames the temporary file to its fi‐
	       nal name atomically using 4mrename24m(2).  This guarantees  that	 an
	       application  accessing  the  file, will either see the old con‐
	       tents or the new contents at all times.

       1m--same-owner0m
	       (x mode only) Extract owner and group IDs.  This is the reverse
	       of 1m--no-same-owner 22mand the default behavior if 1mtar  22mis	 run  as
	       root.

       1m--strip-components 4m22mcount0m
	       Remove  the  specified  number of leading path elements.	 Path‐
	       names with fewer elements will be silently skipped.  Note  that
	       the  pathname is edited after checking inclusion/exclusion pat‐
	       terns but before security checks.

       1m-T 4m22mfilename24m, 1m--files-from 4m22mfilename0m
	       In x or t mode, 1mtar 22mwill read the list of names to be extracted
	       from 4mfilename24m.  In c mode, 1mtar 22mwill read names to  be	archived
	       from  4mfilename24m.  The special name “-C” on a line by itself will
	       cause the current directory to  be  changed  to	the  directory
	       specified  on the following line.  Names are terminated by new‐
	       lines unless 1m--null 22mis specified.  Note that 1m--null  22malso  dis‐
	       ables the special handling of lines containing “-C”.  Note:  If
	       you  are	 generating lists of files using 4mfind24m(1), you probably
	       want to use 1m-n 22mas well.

       1m--totals0m
	       (c, r, u modes only) After archiving all files, print a summary
	       to stderr.

       1m-U22m, 1m--unlink22m, 1m--unlink-first0m
	       (x mode only) Unlink files before creating them.	 This can be a
	       minor performance optimization if most files already exist, but
	       can make things slower if most  files  do  not  already	exist.
	       This  flag also causes 1mtar 22mto remove intervening directory sym‐
	       links instead of reporting an error.  See the  “SECURITY”  sec‐
	       tion below for more details.

       1m--uid 4m22mid0m
	       Use  the	 provided user id number and ignore the user name from
	       the archive.  On create, if 1m--uname 22mis not also specified,	the
	       user name will be set to match the user id.

       1m--uname 4m22mname0m
	       Use  the	 provided  user	 name.	On extract, this overrides the
	       user name in the archive; if the provided user  name  does  not
	       exist  on  the system, it will be ignored and the user id (from
	       the archive or from the 1m--uid 22moption) will be used instead.	 On
	       create, this sets the user name that  will  be  stored  in  the
	       archive; the name is not verified against the system user data‐
	       base.

       1m--use-compress-program 4m22mprogram0m
	       Pipe  the  input	 (in  x	 or  t mode) or the output (in c mode)
	       through 4mprogram24m instead of using the builtin  compression  sup‐
	       port.

       1m--owner 4m22mname24m[:4muid24m]
	       Use  the provided user, if 4muid24m is not provided, 4mname24m can be ei‐
	       ther an username or numeric id.	See the 1m--uname 22moption for de‐
	       tails.

       1m-v22m, 1m--verbose0m
	       Produce verbose output.	In create and extract modes, 1mtar  22mwill
	       list  each  file	 name  as  it  is  read from or written to the
	       archive.	 In list mode, 1mtar 22mwill produce output similar to that
	       of 4mls24m(1).  An additional 1m-v 22moption will  also	provide	 ls-like
	       details in create and extract mode.

       1m--version0m
	       Print version of 1mtar 22mand 1mlibarchive22m, and exit.

       1m-w22m, 1m--confirmation22m, 1m--interactive0m
	       Ask for confirmation for every action.

       1m-X 4m22mfilename24m, 1m--exclude-from 4m22mfilename0m
	       Read a list of exclusion patterns from the specified file.  See
	       1m--exclude  22mfor  more  information  about the handling of exclu‐
	       sions.

       1m--xattrs0m
	       (c, r, u, x modes only) Archive or extract  extended  file  at‐
	       tributes.   This	 is the reverse of 1m--no-xattrs 22mand the default
	       behavior in c, r, and u modes or if 1mtar 22mis run  in	x  mode	 as
	       root.

       1m-y	 22m(c mode only) Compress the resulting archive with 4mbzip224m(1).  In
	       extract	or list modes, this option is ignored.	Note that this
	       1mtar 22mimplementation recognizes bzip2	 compression  automatically
	       when reading archives.

       1m-Z22m, 1m--compress22m, 1m--uncompress0m
	       (c  mode only) Compress the resulting archive with 4mcompress24m(1).
	       In extract or list modes, this option is	 ignored.   Note  that
	       this  1mtar  22mimplementation recognizes compress compression auto‐
	       matically when reading archives.

       1m-z22m, 1m--gunzip22m, 1m--gzip0m
	       (c mode only) Compress the resulting archive with 4mgzip24m(1).	 In
	       extract	or list modes, this option is ignored.	Note that this
	       1mtar 22mimplementation recognizes  gzip	 compression  automatically
	       when reading archives.

1mENVIRONMENT0m
       The following environment variables affect the execution of 1mtar22m:

       TAR_READER_OPTIONS
	       The default options for format readers and compression readers.
	       The 1m--options 22moption overrides this.

       TAR_WRITER_OPTIONS
	       The default options for format writers and compression writers.
	       The 1m--options 22moption overrides this.

       LANG    The locale to use.  See 4menviron24m(7) for more information.

       TAPE    The  default device.  The 1m-f 22moption overrides this.	 Please see
	       the description of the 1m-f 22moption above for more details.

       TZ      The timezone to use when displaying dates.  See 4menviron24m(7)	for
	       more information.

1mEXIT STATUS0m
       The 1mtar 22mutility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

1mEXAMPLES0m
       The  following  creates	a new archive called 4mfile.tar.gz24m that contains
       two files 4msource.c24m and 4msource.h24m:

	     1mtar -czf 4m22mfile.tar.gz24m 4msource.c24m 4msource.h0m

       To view a detailed table of contents for this archive:

	     1mtar -tvf 4m22mfile.tar.gz0m

       To extract all entries from the archive on the default tape drive:

	     1mtar -x0m

       To examine the contents of an ISO 9660 cdrom image:

	     1mtar -tf 4m22mimage.iso0m

       To move file hierarchies, invoke 1mtar 22mas

	     1mtar -cf 4m22m-24m 1m-C 4m22msrcdir24m 4m.24m | 1mtar -xpf 4m22m-24m 1m-C 4m22mdestdir0m

       or more traditionally

	     1mcd srcdir ; tar -cf 4m22m-24m 4m.24m | (4mcd24m 4mdestdir24m 4m;24m 1mtar -xpf 4m22m-24m)

       In create mode, the list of files and directories to  be	 archived  can
       also  include  directory	 change instructions of the form 1m-C4m22mfoo/baz24m and
       archive inclusions of the form 1m@4m22marchive-file24m.	For example, the command
       line

	     1mtar -c -f 4m22mnew.tar24m 4mfoo124m 1m@4m22mold.tgz24m 1m-C4m22m/tmp24m 4mfoo20m

       will create a new archive 4mnew.tar24m.	1mtar 22mwill read the	file  4mfoo124m	 from
       the  current  directory and add it to the output archive.  It will then
       read each entry from 4mold.tgz24m  and  add  those  entries  to	the  output
       archive.	 Finally, it will switch to the 4m/tmp24m directory and add 4mfoo224m to
       the output archive.

       An  input  file	in  4mmtree24m(5)  format  can	be used to create an output
       archive with arbitrary ownership, permissions,  or  names  that	differ
       from existing data on disk:

	     $ cat input.mtree
	     #mtree
	     usr/bin uid=0 gid=0 mode=0755 type=dir
	     usr/bin/ls uid=0 gid=0 mode=0755 type=file content=myls
	     $ tar -cvf output.tar @input.mtree

       The  1m--newer 22mand 1m--newer-mtime 22mswitches accept a variety of common date
       and time specifications, including “12 Mar 2005 7:14:29pm”, “2005-03-12
       19:14”, “5 minutes ago”, and “19:14 PST May 1”.

       The 1m--options 22margument can	be  used  to  control  various	details	 of
       archive	generation  or	reading.   For example, you can generate mtree
       output which only contains 1mtype22m, 1mtime22m, and 1muid 22mkeywords:

	     1mtar -cf	4m22mfile.tar24m  1m--format=mtree  --options='!all,type,time,uid'0m
	     4mdir0m

       or you can set the compression level used by gzip or xz compression:

	     1mtar -czf 4m22mfile.tar24m 1m--options='compression-level=9'22m.

       For more details, see the explanation of the 1marchive_read_set_options22m()
       and   1marchive_write_set_options22m()  API  calls  that	 are  described	 in
       4marchive_read24m(3) and 4marchive_write24m(3).

1mCOMPATIBILITY0m
       The bundled-arguments format is supported for compatibility  with  his‐
       toric implementations.  It consists of an initial word (with no leading
       -  character)  in  which each character indicates an option.  Arguments
       follow as separate words.  The order of the arguments  must  match  the
       order of the corresponding characters in the bundled command word.  For
       example,

	     1mtar tbf 32 4m22mfile.tar0m

       specifies  three flags 1mt22m, 1mb22m, and 1mf22m.  The 1mb 22mand 1mf 22mflags both require ar‐
       guments, so there must be two additional items  on  the	command	 line.
       The  4m3224m  is the argument to the 1mb 22mflag, and 4mfile.tar24m is the argument to
       the 1mf 22mflag.

       The mode options c, r, t, u, and x and the options b, f, l,  m,	o,  v,
       and w comply with SUSv2.

       For  maximum  portability,  scripts that invoke 1mtar 22mshould use the bun‐
       dled-argument format above, should limit themselves to the 1mc22m, 1mt22m, and  1mx0m
       modes, and the 1mb22m, 1mf22m, 1mm22m, 1mv22m, and 1mw 22moptions.

       Additional  long	 options  are  provided	 to improve compatibility with
       other tar implementations.

1mSECURITY0m
       Certain security issues are common to many archiving programs,  includ‐
       ing  1mtar22m.	In  particular, carefully-crafted archives can request that
       1mtar 22mextract files to locations outside of the target  directory.   This
       can  potentially	 be  used  to cause unwitting users to overwrite files
       they did not intend to overwrite.  If the archive is being extracted by
       the superuser, any file on the system can potentially  be  overwritten.
       There  are  three ways this can happen.	Although 1mtar 22mhas mechanisms to
       protect against each one, savvy users should be aware of	 the  implica‐
       tions:

       1m•	 22mArchive  entries  can have absolute pathnames.  By default, 1mtar0m
	       removes the leading 4m/24m character from filenames before restoring
	       them to guard against this problem.

       1m•	 22mArchive entries can have pathnames that include 4m..24m  components.
	       By default, 1mtar 22mwill not extract files containing 4m..24m components
	       in their pathname.

       1m•	 22mArchive  entries can exploit symbolic links to restore files to
	       other directories.  An archive can restore a symbolic  link  to
	       another	directory,  then  use that link to restore a file into
	       that directory.	To guard against this,	1mtar  22mchecks  each	ex‐
	       tracted path for symlinks.  If the final path element is a sym‐
	       link,  it  will be removed and replaced with the archive entry.
	       If 1m-U 22mis specified, any intermediate symlink will also  be	un‐
	       conditionally  removed.	If neither 1m-U 22mnor 1m-P 22mis specified, 1mtar0m
	       will refuse to extract the entry.

       To protect yourself, you should be wary of any archives that come  from
       untrusted sources.  You should examine the contents of an archive with

	     1mtar -tf 4m22mfilename0m

       before  extraction.   You  should  use the 1m-k 22moption to ensure that 1mtar0m
       will not overwrite any existing files or the 1m-U 22moption  to	remove	any
       pre-existing  files.   You  should generally not extract archives while
       running with super-user privileges.  Note that the  1m-P	 22moption  to	1mtar0m
       disables the security checks above and allows you to extract an archive
       while  preserving any absolute pathnames, 4m..24m components, or symlinks to
       other directories.

1mSEE ALSO0m
       4mbzip224m(1), 4mcompress24m(1), 4mcpio24m(1), 4mgzip24m(1), 4mmt24m(1), 4mpax24m(1), 4mshar24m(1), 4mxz24m(1),
       4mlibarchive24m(3), 4mlibarchive-formats24m(5), 4mtar24m(5)

1mSTANDARDS0m
       There is no current POSIX standard for the tar command; it appeared  in
       ISO/IEC	 9945-1:1996   (“POSIX.1”)  but	 was  dropped  from  IEEE  Std
       1003.1-2001 (“POSIX.1”).	 The options supported by this	implementation
       were developed by surveying a number of existing tar implementations as
       well as the old POSIX specification for tar and the current POSIX spec‐
       ification for pax.

       The  ustar  and	pax  interchange  file formats are defined by IEEE Std
       1003.1-2001 (“POSIX.1”) for the pax command.

1mHISTORY0m
       A 1mtar 22mcommand appeared in Seventh Edition Unix, which was  released	 in
       January, 1979.  There have been numerous other implementations, many of
       which extended the file format.	John Gilmore's 1mpdtar 22mpublic-domain im‐
       plementation  (circa  November, 1987) was quite influential, and formed
       the basis of GNU tar.  GNU tar was included as the standard system  tar
       in FreeBSD beginning with FreeBSD 1.0.

       This  is	 a  complete  re-implementation based on the 4mlibarchive24m(3) li‐
       brary.  It was first released with FreeBSD 5.4 in May, 2005.

1mBUGS0m
       This program follows ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996 (“POSIX.1”) for the definition
       of the 1m-l 22moption.  Note that GNU tar prior to version 1.15	treated	 1m-l0m
       as a synonym for the 1m--one-file-system 22moption.

       The 1m-C 4m22mdir24m option may differ from historic implementations.

       All  archive  output  is written in correctly-sized blocks, even if the
       output is being compressed.  Whether or not the last  output  block  is
       padded to a full block size varies depending on the format and the out‐
       put  device.   For  tar	and  cpio formats, the last block of output is
       padded to a full block size if the output is being written to  standard
       output  or to a character or block device such as a tape drive.	If the
       output is being written to a regular file, the last block will  not  be
       padded.	 Many  compressors,  including	4mgzip24m(1) and 4mbzip224m(1), complain
       about the null padding when decompressing an archive  created  by  1mtar22m,
       although they still extract it correctly.

       The  compression	 and decompression is implemented internally, so there
       may be insignificant differences between the compressed	output	gener‐
       ated by

	     1mtar -czf 4m22m-24m 4mfile0m

       and that generated by

	     1mtar -cf 4m22m-24m 4mfile24m | 1mgzip0m

       The  default  should  be to read and write archives to the standard I/O
       paths, but tradition (and POSIX) dictates otherwise.

       The 1mr 22mand 1mu 22mmodes require that the archive be uncompressed and	 located
       in a regular file on disk.  Other archives can be modified using 1mc 22mmode
       with the 4m@archive-file24m extension.

       To  archive a file called 4m@foo24m or 4m-foo24m you must specify it as 4m./@foo24m or
       4m./-foo24m, respectively.

       In create mode, a leading  4m./24m  is  always  removed.	  A  leading  4m/24m  is
       stripped unless the 1m-P 22moption is specified.

       There  needs to be better support for file selection on both create and
       extract.

       There is not yet any support for multi-volume archives.

       Converting between dissimilar archive formats (such as  tar  and	 cpio)
       using  the  1m@4m22m-24m	 convention  can cause hard link information to be lost.
       This is a consequence of the incompatible ways that  different  archive
       formats store hardlink information.

Debian				April 23, 2024				4mTAR24m(1)
